Scientific papers (also known as a "journal articles") are a special type of written work that have particular characteristics:
- They are usually published in a periodical called a journal whose purpose is to publish this kind of work. Generally, journals differ greatly from general interest writing on scientific topics such as magazine articles and science news (e.g. those in National Geographic, Scientific American, Discover, etc.) although some journals also have a section devoted to general interest writing. Occasionally scientific papers are compiled in book form but this is not the norm.
- They are peer reviewed. That means that the paper has been subjected to the scrutiny of several experts in the field who verify the quality of the writing and the accuracy of the analysis and conclusions drawn by the authors.
- They are citable. This means that: the content is stable, the journal is readily available in libraries and (usually) through the Web, and there are standardized methods of identifying a particular article. Thus an author can refer to a paper with confidence that a reader can easily look up that reference at any point in the future.
- They include citations. This means that the paper frequently makes reference to previous publications that are relevant to the work being discussed. All cited works are listed in a reference section at the end of the paper. Footnotes at the bottom of each pager are not used to make citations.
- The general outline/flow is as follows
- Title
- Author(s)
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
- References/Literature cited
- They follow a standardized style of writing and data presentation.
